Ah, the comma; a small yet influential punctuation mark that controls the reader’s cadence and understanding—or causes them to stumble like the mental equivalent of a rock jutting out on an otherwise smooth trail.

Harnessing the comma’s power means recognizing its purpose and position in modern writing, so that it brings order and impact to your words—and doesn’t leave your reader frustrated, painful, or dazed and confused.

Here are three common examples of comma drama that can confound even the professionals, and tips on how to navigate them with confidence.

 

1. Using commas with “such as,” “including,” and similar phrases 

Some writers automatically add commas around phrases that precede lists or examples. However, this can be unnecessary and sometimes change the meaning of a sentence. The key to knowing when to add commas is whether you’re dealing with a restrictive or nonrestrictive 

phrase.

Restrictive phrases

Restrictive phrases provide clarity and specificity to the topic. Without them, a sentence becomes unclear or loses its meaning. Restrictive phrases do not need commas.

  • Example: “Parasites such as hookworms and roundworms are commonly found in puppies.” Removing the restrictive phrase makes the sentence “Parasites are commonly found in puppies,” which is nonspecific and not entirely accurate.

Nonrestrictive phrases

  • Example: “Vaccines, including rabies and distemper, are required for boarding at this clinic.” The commas around the nonrestrictive phrase imply that multiple vaccines are required, and highlight two of the most critical, rabies and distemper. If the phrase is omitted, the sentence maintains accuracy: “Vaccines are required for boarding at this clinic.”

Quick tip:
If the phrase answers the question, “Which ones?” it is restrictive and does not require commas. If the information set off by the commas is just an example or highlight, it is nonrestrictive, and commas are necessary.

Like the comma itself, the difference is subtle but makes a big impact!

 

2. Using commas with interrupting em dashes

The em dash is beloved by writers for its ability to set off an idea, share extra information, or add emphasis. But when the sentence that surrounds it requires a comma, knowing where to put it can be tricky.

Some writers place it after the closing dash:

  • The practice manager decided—after reviewing the budget—, however, to deny the veterinarian’s request for a new office chair.

This not only looks incorrect but also creates redundancy, since an em dash already functions like a comma or a parenthesis.

Instead, when the sentence structure requires a comma, consider repositioning the em dash:

  • The practice manager—after reviewing the budget—decided, however, to deny the veterinarian’s request for a new office chair. 


Now that’s more comfortable. Sorry, Doc.

 

3. Using a comma with “too”

Commas are too quirky. When using “too” as a synonym for “Besides” or “Also,” comma use is dependent on location and writer style. Here’s a closer look:

  • Comma required: Add a comma when “Too” is in the middle of the sentence:
    • Example: “The technicians, too, asked for protected lunch breaks.”
    • This application draws the reader’s attention and improves readability.
  • Optional: Adding a comma when “Too” is at the end of the sentence:
    • Example: The kennel staff ordered pizza, and I said I’d like some too.
    • Example: The CSRs asked to be added to the order, too.

Both examples are correct. While it is not grammatically required, using a comma can add emphasis or cue the reader to pause.

 

Punctuate with poise

The best writing looks easy. Simple. Effortless. But underneath each careful phrase, thoughtful turn, and well-placed punctuation is a framework of grammatical rules, an ear for language, a creative eye, and a deep understanding of the message.

Ready to outsource your veterinary business writing to the experts? The Rumpus Writing and Editing team provides professional copy services for every kind of writing project. Schedule your one-on-one meeting or request a quote here.